In my shop one of the most frequently asked about items is Bakelite. Many people have heard the term and are not quite sure what it is. I'll try to give a brief history and a few ideas for testing items for Bakelite.
Bakelite was patented in 1907 by Leo Baekeland. It is a formaldehyde resin and considered the first plastic made from synthetic components. Trough out it's history it has been used in manufacturing everything from jewelry, kitchenware, to guitars. Bakelite is a brand name, but is commonly used (mistakenly) for many resin products.
How can I tell if my item is Bakelite?
Testing in the field:
These tests are a few quick ones that can be performed when you are out searching. They require no special equipment. The more you handle Bakelite pieces, the quicker you will be able to identify its properties with these field tests. Listen for the "clunk" when two pieces of Bakelite are tapped together. Try tapping two pieces of another type of plastic together, and compare the sound to two pieces of true Bakelite. Consider the weight of a piece. Bakelite feels heavier, denser when compared to other types of plastics. Rub the item in question vigorously with your thumb until you feel the plastic heat up. Then, before it cools, take a whiff. A distinct chemical odor similar to formaldehyde will linger with most genuine Bakelite. This often takes a bit of practice. Look for wear scratches and patina that new pieces of plastic don't normally exhibit. Also look for tiny chips on the edges of carving. Examine the piece with a jeweler's loupe or another type of magnifier, if needed. Generally, an old piece of Bakelite will not be free of some minor scratching and wear, even though it is in excellent condition by a collector's standards.
Testing with Chemicals:
Simichrome Polish is a non-abrasive cream used to clean metals. You can also use it to test Bakelite for authenticity. Sparingly apply to a q-tip and gently rub a small spot on the inside or back of the item being tested. If it's Bakelite, the q-tip should turn yellow with ease. If a piece is lacquered, it may test negative. Black Bakelite pieces often fail this test as well. Use the other tests above to confirm authenticity if a piece you suspect to be Bakelite fails with Simichrome. You can also use Scrubbing Bubbles,it was once the standard cleaner to use for Bakelite testing, but experts now recommend Formula 409 instead. To use, dampen a q-tip with 409 and rub it gently on the inside of the item being tested. If it's Bakelite, the swab will turn yellow.
I have heard recently about a wave of 'fakelite' coming from Asia recently. It appears to pass many of the Bakelite tests. I have not seen one knowingly myself, but I have heard that it is heavier and the smell is different from real Bakelite. So beware when purchasing your Bakelite.